Internet Connection Sharing on Windows XP

Internet Connection Sharing on Windows XP

This trick shows you how to share your internet connections on multiple computers within a workgroup with Windows XP. Windows XP has a built-in feature that called "Internet Connection Sharing" (ICS) that allows home users to share their internet connections on multiple computers.
If you are not familiar with the network configurations, the easiest way to share your internet connection is to purchase a router or hub. Use this trick only if you don't have a router, or don't want to use a router, or if you just want to try out the feature.
A simple way to understand this feature is, you are making your host computer (the computer directly connects to the internet) functioning as a router for other computers.

What do you need?

• A "Host" computer that running Windows XP. This computer must have at least TWO (2) network adapters. One adapter - let's call it "Adapter #1" - connects to the internet and another, "Adapter #2", connects to a hub or directly to other computers.
• Client computer(s), which run any version of Windows. A client computer can be connected to the host computer directly by a cross-over cable or indirectly through a hub.
• This trick assumes that the host computer is connected to the internet and you are able to access the internet on this computer.

Configure the Host Computer

1. Logon the host computer as Administrator.
2. Click Start >> Control Panel.
3. Click Network and Internet Connections.
4. Click Network Connections.
5. Right-click the connection that you use to connect to the internet (the connection with Adapter #1). This connection can be either a high-speed internet connection or a dial-up connection.
6. Click Properties.
7. Click Advanced tab.
8. Under Internet Connection Sharing, select the Allow other network users to connect through this computer's Internet connection check box.
9. If you are sharing a dial-up Internet connection, select the Establish a dial-up connection whenever a computer on my network attempts to access the Internet check box if you want to permit your computer to automatically connect to the Internet.
10. Click OK. You'll reieve the following message:
    When Internet Connection Sharing is enabled, your LAN adapter will be set to use IP address 192.168.0.1. Your computer may lose connectivity with other computers on your network. If these other computers have static IP addresses, it is a good idea to set them to obtain their IP addresses automatically. Are you sure you want to enable Internet Connection Sharing?
11. Click Yes.

Configure the Client Computer(s)
To use the shared connection from the Host computer, a client computer must be configured with "Automatic IP address". The main configurations are:

1. Configure TCP/IP Automatic IP
2. Configure Internet Connection

The steps for the above two configurations are vary on different versions of Windows.
The following procedures are for Windows XP client computers.

1. Log on to the client computer as Administrator or as Owner.
2. Click Start >> Control Panel.
3. Click Network and Internet Connections.
4. Click Network Connections.
5. Right-click Local Area Connection, and then click Properties.
6. Click the General tab, click Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) in the This connection uses the following items list, and then click Properties.
7. In the Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) Properties dialog box, click Obtain an IP address automatically (if it is not already selected), and then click OK.
   
   
   
8. Click Start >> Control Panel
9. Click Network and Internet Connections.
10. Click Internet Options.
11. In the Internet Properties dialog box, click the Connections tab.
12. Click the Setup button. The New Connection Wizard starts.
13. On the Welcome to the New Connection Wizard page, click Next.
14. Click Connect to the Internet, and then click Next.
15. Click Set up my connection manually, and then click Next.
16. Click Connect using a broadband connection that is always on, and then click Next.
17. On the Completing the New Connection Wizard page, click Finish.
18. Exit Control Panel and test the internet. You might need to restart the computer.

Learn How to decrease your startup time in windows to boot up faster ?

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'Numerous Spams Activities from a Foreign IP' Webmail Phishing Scam !!

Outline
Email claims that the recipient's email account has been reported for sending spam and that he or she must follow a link and confirm account ownership or the account will be suspended.

Brief Analysis
The message is a phishing scam designed to trick recipients into divulging their email account login details to cybercriminals. If you receive such an email, do not follow any links or open any attachments that it may contain. Do not reply to the message or provide any information to the senders.

Detailed analysis and references below example.


Example

From: Webmail Report Subject: Important Notice (Do Not Ignore)

Your email account has been reported for numerous spams Activities from a foreign ip recently. As a result, Webmail has received advice to suspend your account.

However, you might not be the one promoting this Spam,as your email account might have been compromised.
To protect your account from sending spam mails, You are to confirm your true ownership of this account by Click here to Login and confirm in one simple step.

On receipt of the requested information,the Webmail support shall block your account from Spam.

Failure to do this will violate the Webmail email terms & conditions. This will render your account inactive.
NOTE: You will be send a password reset message In next seven (7) working days after undergoing this process for Security reasons.

Copyright 2011 - Webmail - All Rights Reserved.

Detailed Analysis
According to this message, the recipient's email account has been reported for "numerous spams activities" originating from a foreign IP and "Webmail" has therefore been advised to suspend the account. Supposedly in order to avoid this threatened suspension, the recipient is instructed to click a link in the message and supply information to confirm true ownership of the account. The recipient is warned that failing to supply the requested information will result in the account being rendered inactive.

However, the message is certainly not from "Webmail" or any other online email provider. In fact, the message represents an attempt by cybercriminals to steal email login credentials from recipients. Those who follow the link as instructed will be taken to a bogus website where they will be asked to provide their email address and password. The details supplied will be collected by criminals and used to hijack the victims' real web based email accounts and subsequently use them to send spam or perpetrate further scams such as the Friend Stranded in Foreign Country Scam.

Such emails are a common ruse that has been used in various incarnations by online criminals for several years. Some versions, including this one, purport to be from a generic "Webmail" provider, presumably in an attempt to pull in victims who use a range of different online email providers. Other versions specifically target users of common email service providers including, Hotmail, Gmail, Yahoo and Bigpond. Many variants of the scam ask the victim to simply reply to the email with his or her username and password rather than follow a link and provide the details on a bogus webform.

Be wary of any email that asks you to provide your email login credentials. Your email service provider already has this information and is never likely to ask you to supply it via an unsolicited email. If you receive one of these emails, do not click any links in the message. Do not open any attachments that may come with the message and do not reply.

Operate PC without using mouse !!!!

Here is a simple trick to operate COMPUTER without MOUSE

PRESS :-

               SHIFT+ALT+NumLock

          

Now you can use your number keys to act as mouse

 

Note :- It will not disable your mouse

HOW TO DISABLE AUTO PLAY OF YOUR PENDRIVE TO AVOID VIRUS ACTIVATION?

just follow the simple steps :-
=>Start
=>run
=>type   
    gpedit.ms
=>then click COMPUTER CONFIGRATION
=>open ADINISTRATIVE TEMPLATE,
=>open SYSTEM,
=>now you will see a option named "TURN OFF AUTO PLAY" in the sixth position from bottom,
=>right click this option,choose properties and DISABLE it !!!!!

Setting up a new broadband connection in windows xp

1. Click Start, click Control Panel, and then double-click Network and Internet
Connections.
2. Click Network Connections, and then click Create a new connection in the Network
Tasks pane.
3. After the Network Connection Wizard starts, click Next.
4. Click Connect to the Internet, and then click Next.
5. Click Set up my connection manually, and then click Next.
6. Click either Connect using a broadband connection that requires a user name and
password or Connect using a broadband connection that is always on.
7. Type the Internet service provider (ISP) name that your ISP provided, and then
click Next.
8. Type the user name that the ISP provided.
9. Type the password that the ISP provided.
10.Type the password one more time to confirm it, and then click Next.
11.Click Add a shortcut to this connection to my desktop.
12.Click Finish to complete the wizard.

Hacking administrator account in Windows!!!!

Note :- This is only for educational purpose..... Don't misuse this.

Ever wanted to hack your college pc with guest account/student account so that you can download with full speed Hack Administrator !!!!there ? or just wanted to hack your friend’s pc to make him gawk when you tell your success story of hacking ? well,there is a great way of hacking an administrator account from a guest account by which you can reset the administrator password and getting all the privilages an administrator enjoys on windows..Interested ? read on…


Concept:

Press shift key 5 times and the sticky key dialog shows up.This works even at the logon screen. But If we replace the sethc.exe which is responsible for the sticky key dialog,with cmd.exe, and then call sethc.exe by pressing shift key 5 times at logon screen,we will get a command prompt with administrator privilages because no user has logged on. From there we can hack the administrator password,even from a guest account.

Prerequisites

Guest account with write access to system 32.

Here is how to do that -

* Go to C:/windows/system32
* Copy cmd.exe and paste it on desktop
* rename cmd.exe to sethc.exe
* Copy the new sethc.exe to system 32,when windows asks for overwriting the file,then click yes.
When asked to overwrite,overwrite the sethc.exe

* Now Log out from your guest account and at the user select window,press shift key 5 times.
* Instead of Sticky Key confirmation dialog,command prompt with full administrator privileges will open.

* Now type “ NET USER ADMINISTRATOR aaa” where “aaa” can be any password you like and press enter.
* You will see “ The Command completed successfully” and then exit the command prompt and login into administrator with your new password.
* Congrats You have hacked admin from guest account.

Further..

Also, you can further create a new user at the command prompt by typing “NET USER john/ADD” where “john” is the username you would like to add with administrator privileges. Then hide your newly created admin account by -

Go to registry editor and navigate to this key

[HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows NT\CurrentVersion\Winlogon\SpecialAccounts\UserList]

Here create a new DWORD value, write its name as the “user name” that u created for your admin account and live with your admin account forever :)

Keep Folders Hidden

First create a new folder somewhere on your hard drive
when you name it hold down "Alt" and press "0160" this will create and invisible space so it will apper as if it has no name.
then right click in and select "Properties" select the tab "coustimize" and select "change icon" scroll along and you should a few blanc spaces click on any one and click ok when you hav saved the settings the folder will be invisible to hide all your personal files

How to safeguard your files when computer crashes

First thing to keep in mind: If your computer hasn't crashed yet, it will in the future! So instead of waiting for fate to strike, take some precautions now:

1) BACK-UP! Buy some decent DVD-R discs and put everything useful in them. When you have more useful stuff, backup again. Do this often.

2) Keep your computer healthy. Use an antivirus, an anti-spy, and a firewall. Keep them updated. Check regularly for Windows critical fixes.

3) Don't install software that would do dangerous things to your hard drive. A boot manager would fall in this category.

4) Use a registry cleaner before and after you install or uninstall any software. Many of the problems that will keep Windows from booting are caused by sloppy software that mess up your registry. A good registry cleaner is Tune-up Utilities.
Code:
http://www.tune-up.com/


5) Run chkdsk now and then. Go to Start> Run. Type chkdsk /F. Press enter.


In case your PC has already crashed, read the following:

Most important: Don't panic! Panic is like a little demon that whispers in your ear to format your hard drive and reinstall everything. Don't do it! You will lose all your data and the little demon will laugh at you.

To be exact you can still recover your data if you format your drive (by using special software), but only if you don't write anything on the disc afterwards. In other words format + windows install = bad idea. If you reinstall windows without formating your drive, you will only lose the files on your desktop and "My Documents" folder.

In all occasions you should make sure to safeguard your files before attempting any kind of repair!

So let's go about how to do that:

The fast way: Go to this site:
Code:
http://www.knoppix.org
. Knoppix is a Linux distribution than runs from a CD. Download the Knoppix ISO and burn it. Put it in your CD drive. On startup access BIOS and change the boot sequence so that your computer boots from the CD drive. Save settings and exit. Upon reboot, Knoppix will load.

Knoppix is much like windows and it comes with its own CD burner. Locate it, launch it and backup everything you want on CD. Now you don't have to worry anymore!


The less fast way: This requires that you have access to a second PC. Open the case of your computer and remove the hard disk.

Install it as a slave on the second PC.

Depending on respective configurations, you may have to change some jumper settings on the drive. Read the manual for help with installing hard drives and setting jumpers.

After this is done, boot the second PC. If everything went out ok, you should be able to access your drive without problems. (Edit: Note that Win98 cannot recognize a local NTFS (Win2K/XP) disk.)

Copy everything you need from your own hard drive to the other one. Now you don't have to worry anymore!

Replace your computer's hard disk, fix all problems and reverse the process to copy the data back to your computer, or take CD backups on the other PC.

How to Back Up the Registry

Before you edit the registry, export the keys in the registry that you plan to edit, or back up the whole registry. If a problem occurs, you can then follow the steps how-to restore the registry to its previous state.


How to Export Registry Keys

Click Start, and then click Run.

In the Open box, type regedit, and then click OK.

On the File menu, click Export.

In the Save in box, select the boxs at the bottom the bottom according to weather you want to export all or only selected branches of the registry.

Next select a location in which to save the backup .reg file. In the File name box, type a file name, and then click Save.


How to Restore the Registry

To restore registry keys that you exported, double-click the .reg file that you saved.

Burn a *.BIN file without a CUE using NERO

You've downloaded a *.BIN file, but there was no *.CUE file associated and you still want to burn the *.BIN file using Nero

Your options are:

1) Create yourself a *.CUE

2) Convert the *.BIN to an *.ISO

3) OR use Nero to burn without the *.CUE file!!!

Yes, that's possible... just follow these steps and you will be sorted. No need for *.CUE files anymore

Ok, here we go...

1) Start Nero

2) File -> Burn Image

3) Browse to the *.BIN file that you want to burn and open it

4) A window saying "Foreign Image Settings" will open

5) Check the settings. They should be as followed:

* Type of image: leave it to Data Mode 1
* Select the Raw Data check box
Note ->> The block size will change automatically from 2048 to 2352
* Leave Image Header and Image Trailer unchanged and set to 0
* Leave "Scrambled" and "Swapped" check boxes unchecked

6) Click on burn!

7) Enjoy

This tut was for Nero 5.x.x.x, I was told that "Burn Image" is under "recorder" in Nero 6. The rest of the steps should be the same...

COMMON FTP ERROR CODES

110 Restart marker reply. In this case, the text is exact and not left to the particular implementation; it must read: MARK yyyy = mmmm where yyyy is User-process data stream marker, and mmmm server's equivalent marker (note the spaces between markers and "=").

120 Service ready in nnn minutes.

125 Data connection already open; transfer starting.

150 File status okay; about to open data connection.

200 Command okay.

202 Command not implemented, superfluous at this site.

211 System status, or system help reply.

212 Directory status.

213 File status.

214 Help message.On how to use the server or the meaning of a particular non-standard command. This reply is useful only to the human user.

215 NAME system type. Where NAME is an official system name from the list in the Assigned Numbers document.

220 Service ready for new user.

221 Service closing control connection.

225 Data connection open; no transfer in progress.

226 Closing data connection. Requested file action successful (for example, file transfer or file abort).

227 Entering Passive Mode (h1,h2,h3,h4,p1,p2).

230 User logged in, proceed. Logged out if appropriate.

250 Requested file action okay, completed.

257 "PATHNAME" created.

331 User name okay, need password.

332 Need account for login.

350 Requested file action pending further information

421 Service not available, closing control connection.This may be a reply to any command if the service knows it must shut down.

425 Can't open data connection.

426 Connection closed; transfer aborted.

450 Requested file action not taken.

451 Requested action aborted. Local error in processing.

452 Requested action not taken. Insufficient storage space in system.File unavailable (e.g., file busy).

500 Syntax error, command unrecognized. This may include errors such as command line too long.

501 Syntax error in parameters or arguments.

502 Command not implemented.

503 Bad sequence of commands.

504 Command not implemented for that parameter.

530 Not logged in.

532 Need account for storing files.

550 Requested action not taken. File unavailable (e.g., file not found, no access).

551 Requested action aborted. Page type unknown.

552 Requested file action aborted. Exceeded storage allocation (for current directory or dataset).

553 Requested action not taken. File name not allowed.

SPEED UP ACROBAT READER [ALMOST LIKE NOTEPAD] !!

Adobe Acrobat reader always consumes more memory when it starts. The reason behind is, it loads all the plugins, even the plugins that you do not use. This trick is to remove all the plugins from the plugins directory to elsewhere. Hence, whenever you open Acrobat reader it directly opens the files without loading any plugins and the speed is just like Notepad.

 1. Go to the installation folder of acrobat reader
(C:\program files\adobe\acrobat\reader\.. whatever)

2. Move all the files and folders from the "plugins" directory to the "Optional" directory. (I repeat.. cut and paste the files NOT copy & paste).

Also make sure that acrobat reader is not open else it will lock the files and not allow you to move the files).

Now your acrobat reader will load very fast and almost as good as notepad.

Double-clicking on any drive opens search option

Solution :-
That's a virus named as ravmon.exe and autorun.inf
Scan first with a good antivirus [Nod32 Recommanded]
then try this trick.

First show the hidden files and folders options then try this method

1. Go to Start-->run and type cmd then click ok

2. If u want to remove the infected file from c drive then type C: in command prompt and press enter

3. Type autorun.inf and press enter
autorun.inf file is opened

4. Now type "attrib autorun.inf -s -h -r" and press enter

5. Now delete the file by typing
"del autorun.inf" and press enter

6.Now type autorun.inf and press enter now, u will find no infected autorun.inf file.

7. same way do for all other drives then restart ur pc ie; for D , type d: and press enter and do the other steps

Virtual graphic card

PC Version
MINIMUM SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS

    * Windows® 98/Me/2000*/XP*
    * Intel Pentium™ III or AMD Athlon™ 500Mhz
    * 256MB RAM
    * 32MB Direct3D-compatible video card with Hardware T&L, 32-bit color,
      DirectX™ 9-compatible driver (e.g., NVIDIA GeForce 2 class)
    * 2.4GB free Hard Drive Space
    * Additional hard drive space for Windows swap file and saved game files
    * 8X CD-ROM
    * 16-bit DirectX™ 9-compatible sound card
    * 56k modem, DSL, Cable Modem or LAN for Multi-play
    * 100 BaseT LAN connection for Light Cycle Multi-play
    * DirectX™ 9 (included)
    * Java-compatible Web Browser (e.g. Internet Explorer 5.0 or Netscape Navigator 4.7 or later)


RECOMMENDED SYSTEM

    * Windows® 98/Me/2000*/XP*
    * Intel Pentium™ 4 or AMD Athlon™ 1Ghz
    * 512MB RAM
    * NVIDIA GeForce FX video card
    * 2.4GB free Hard Drive Space
    * Additional hard drive space for a Windows swap file and saved game files
    * 32X CD ROM
    * Sound Blaster® Audigy 2 sound card w/EAX® ADVANCED HD™**
    * DSL, Cable Modem or LAN for Multi-play
    * DirectX™ 9 (included)


SUPPORTED VIDEO CHIPSETS

NVIDIA GeForce FX, NVIDIA GeForce 4; NVIDIA GeForce 3; NVIDIA GeForce 2; ATI Radeon 9700; ATI Radeon 9000; ATI Radeon 8500; ATI Radeon 7500; ATI Radeon 7200; Matrox Parhelia chipset; Matrox Millennium P750


Mac Version
MINIMUM SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS

    * Mac OS X version 10.2.8
    * 700MHz PowerPC G4 processor
    * 256MB of RAM; 512MB for iMacs
    * 32MB Radeon 7500 / GeForce 2MX video card
    * 2.5GB of hard disk space
    * QuickTime 6.4


RECOMMENDED SYSTEM

    * Mac OS X version 10.3.3 or higher
    * 1GHz PowerPC G4 processor or higher
    * 512MB or higher
    * 128MB Radeon 9700 / GeForce 4 TI
    * QuickTime 6.5 or higher
    * Multi button mouse recommended
    * Broadband Connection or Local Area Network (LAN) for Multiplayer
    * 100 BaseT LAN connection for Light Cycle Multi-play


After downloading 3-D Analyze, here's how to use it:
http://software.emule.com/3d-analyze-2-36/download.php

* Decompress the archive, and copy the extracted files to their own folder. Then run 3DAnalyze.exe.

o Click the SELECT button and browse to the game executable TRON.exe.
  Note that older versions of 3D-Analyze also wanted you to provide the path to game .dll files. (Which is the same directory as the game executable.) This is no longer required, starting with version 2.3a.
o Select the checkbox labelled emulate HW TnL caps.
  You could try experimenting with the other checkboxes below it, but this first one is critical to making the game work.
o Finally, click the RUN button. o Now enjoy the games of higher versions.....!!!!

Blue screen error in windows XP sp2 and sp3 and its solution

This problem may occur due to a number of reasons like “Automatic Restart”, or due to cache and other Windows file that may incur a serious error. We, in this article provide solutions for these different causes such that it’s not required to always format your operating system and reinstall it again.

Cause 1 and its solution :

Your system may have the “Auto Reboot” feature enabled due to which the system restarts automatically without any notice. To disable this feature, first click on “Start” and then on “Run”.
Type “regedit” in the box and press ENTER.
The Registry Editor opens. Navigate to

HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE>SYSTEM>CurrentControlSet>Control>ContentIndex>CrashControl

On the right hand part of the Registry Editor box, right click on “AutoReboot” and select “Modify”.
Change the value to “1″. Click OK and exit from the Registry Editor.
Restart your computer. The Automatic restart feature is now disabled and your system should not undergo any problem henceforth.

Cause 2 and its solution :

The next reason this problem occurs may be due to critical errors that are incurred by the cache files or other windows files on your system. Now, this can be rectified in two different ways :

#1. Restoring files and settings that helped Windows to run smoothly.

Every time your Windows XP shut downs properly, it saves your settings and thus records or creates a backup of the files and settings at that time. You can fix your system by restoring these settings such that the os runs without any errors. Following the steps below, you can always restore the system with the settings that worked properly.

1. Restart your system.

2. As the system reboots, press F8 quickly before the Windows Start up starts.

3. This opens the Windows Advanced Options Menu. Select the option “Last Known Good Configuration (your most recent settings that worked)” and then press ENTER.
This restores your system with the most recent settings and files that worked and helped Windows XP to run smoothly. Thus, from now on your system should work properly.

#2. Fixing the problem by running Windows in Safe Mode.

Follow the steps below to rectify your problem :

1. Restart your system.

2. As in the previous fix, press F8 quickly to open the Windows Advanced Options Menu.

3. Select the option “Safe Mode” and press ENTER.
Windows XP starts in Safe Mode with all of its start-up programs disabled and some of its programs not working. Now, click on “Start >Run”. In the box, type “msconfig” .
The System Configuration Utility wizard starts. Click on “Launch System Restore”.
Then click on “Restore my system to an earlier time”.
Choose a restore point at a time when everything on the system was running smoothly. Then click “Next”. The system restarts and it is displayed that the system is being restored. Once the restart is complete, your system is fully restored to the chosen settings and Windows will run without any problem.

Cause 3 and its solution :

Sometimes your system can be affected in such a way, that when you start your computer, as soon as the Windows Start up screen appears, the computer restarts. This process continues in a loop resulting in continuous multiple reboots, none being completed properly. This problem occurs if the “Kernel32.dll” file goes missing or damaged. To solve this problem, we recover the missing file from the Windows Recovery Console or the Windows XP installation CD.
Follow the steps below to repair your system :

    * Open the Recovery Console wizard if you have it installed. If not, then insert the Windows XP installation CD and restart the computer.
    * Boot from the CD and follow the instructions in the setup till you are given an option to repair your system or to install a fresh copy of Windows.
    * Select to repair by pressing R.
    * For a dual-boot or multiple-boot system, select the option (Operating System) you need to repair.
    * Give the Administrator password (if any) when you are asked for it.
    * A command prompt appears. Type “cd system32″ and press ENTER.
    * Then type “ren kernel32.dll kernel32.old” and press ENTER.
    * Now, type “map” and press ENTER.
    * Notice the letter indicating the CD-ROM drive containing the Windows XP CD. This is displayed similar to the format : G:\Device\CdRom0
    * Now, type expand<drive name>\i386\kernel32.dl_ [Replace "<drive name>" by the letter indicating the CD-ROM drive].
    * Press ENTER.

[Note : Be sure to notice the 'underscore' character after 'l' in the word "kernel32.dl_"]

A message “Kernel32.dll, 1 file(s) expanded” appears indicating that the file “Kernel32.dll” has been recovered.

    * Type exit . This restarts the computer.
    * Now, take out the Windows XP CD from the CD-ROM drive.

Windows XP starts normally and runs smoothly without any problems.

These solutions are a lot easier and less time consuming than formatting and reinstalling Windows. Hope this would help you to know Windows better.

Disable The Send Error Report, to Microsoft

To disable the stupid feature in WinXP which tries to send a report to microsoft every time a program crashes you will have to do this:
________________________________________________________________________________
 
Open Control Panel
Click on Preformance and Maintenance.
Click on System.
Then click on the Advanced tab
Click on the error reporting button on the bottom of the windows.
Select Disable error reporting.
Click OK
And Enjoy...!!!!!!!!!!!!!
________________________________________________________________________________

10 reasons why PCs crash U must Know

Fatal error: the system has become unstable or is busy," it says. "Enter to return to Windows or press Control-Alt-Delete to restart your computer. If you do this you will lose any unsaved information in all open applications."

You have just been struck by the Blue Screen of Death. Anyone who uses Mcft Windows will be familiar with this. What can you do? More importantly, how can you prevent it happening?

1 Hardware conflict

The number one reason why Windows crashes is hardware conflict. Each hardware device communicates to other devices through an interrupt request channel (IRQ). These are supposed to be unique for each device.

For example, a printer usually connects internally on IRQ 7. The keyboard usually uses IRQ 1 and the floppy disk drive IRQ 6. Each device will try to hog a single IRQ for itself.

If there are a lot of devices, or if they are not installed properly, two of them may end up sharing the same IRQ number. When the user tries to use both devices at the same time, a crash can happen. The way to check if your computer has a hardware conflict is through the following route:

* Start-Settings-Control Panel-System-Device Manager.

Often if a device has a problem a yellow '!' appears next to its description in the Device Manager. Highlight Computer (in the Device Manager) and press Properties to see the IRQ numbers used by your computer. If the IRQ number appears twice, two devices may be using it.

Sometimes a device might share an IRQ with something described as 'IRQ holder for PCI steering'. This can be ignored. The best way to fix this problem is to remove the problem device and reinstall it.

Sometimes you may have to find more recent drivers on the internet to make the device function properly. A good resource is www.driverguide.com. If the device is a soundcard, or a modem, it can often be fixed by moving it to a different slot on the motherboard (be careful about opening your computer, as you may void the warranty).

When working inside a computer you should switch it off, unplug the mains lead and touch an unpainted metal surface to discharge any static electricity.

To be fair to Mcft, the problem with IRQ numbers is not of its making. It is a legacy problem going back to the first PC designs using the IBM 8086 chip. Initially there were only eight IRQs. Today there are 16 IRQs in a PC. It is easy to run out of them. There are plans to increase the number of IRQs in future designs.

2 Bad Ram

Ram (random-access memory) problems might bring on the blue screen of death with a message saying Fatal Exception Error. A fatal error indicates a serious hardware problem. Sometimes it may mean a part is damaged and will need replacing.

But a fatal error caused by Ram might be caused by a mismatch of chips. For example, mixing 70-nanosecond (70ns) Ram with 60ns Ram will usually force the computer to run all the Ram at the slower speed. This will often crash the machine if the Ram is overworked.

One way around this problem is to enter the BIOS settings and increase the wait state of the Ram. This can make it more stable. Another way to troubleshoot a suspected Ram problem is to rearrange the Ram chips on the motherboard, or take some of them out. Then try to repeat the circumstances that caused the crash. When handling Ram try not to touch the gold connections, as they can be easily damaged.

Parity error messages also refer to Ram. Modern Ram chips are either parity (ECC) or non parity (non-ECC). It is best not to mix the two types, as this can be a cause of trouble.

EMM386 error messages refer to memory problems but may not be connected to bad Ram. This may be due to free memory problems often linked to old Dos-based programmes.

3 BIOS settings

Every motherboard is supplied with a range of chipset settings that are decided in the factory. A common way to access these settings is to press the F2 or delete button during the first few seconds of a boot-up.

Once inside the BIOS, great care should be taken. It is a good idea to write down on a piece of paper all the settings that appear on the screen. That way, if you change something and the computer becomes more unstable, you will know what settings to revert to.

A common BIOS error concerns the CAS latency. This refers to the Ram. Older EDO (extended data out) Ram has a CAS latency of 3. Newer SDRam has a CAS latency of 2. Setting the wrong figure can cause the Ram to lock up and freeze the computer's display.

Mcft Windows is better at allocating IRQ numbers than any BIOS. If possible set the IRQ numbers to Auto in the BIOS. This will allow Windows to allocate the IRQ numbers (make sure the BIOS setting for Plug and Play OS is switched to 'yes' to allow Windows to do this.).

4 Hard disk drives

After a few weeks, the information on a hard disk drive starts to become piecemeal or fragmented. It is a good idea to defragment the hard disk every week or so, to prevent the disk from causing a screen freeze. Go to

* Start-Programs-Accessories-System Tools-Disk Defragmenter

This will start the procedure. You will be unable to write data to the hard drive (to save it) while the disk is defragmenting, so it is a good idea to schedule the procedure for a period of inactivity using the Task Scheduler.

The Task Scheduler should be one of the small icons on the bottom right of the Windows opening page (the desktop).

Some lockups and screen freezes caused by hard disk problems can be solved by reducing the read-ahead optimisation. This can be adjusted by going to

* Start-Settings-Control Panel-System Icon-Performance-File System-Hard Disk.

Hard disks will slow down and crash if they are too full. Do some housekeeping on your hard drive every few months and free some space on it. Open the Windows folder on the C drive and find the Temporary Internet Files folder. Deleting the contents (not the folder) can free a lot of space.

Empty the Recycle Bin every week to free more space. Hard disk drives should be scanned every week for errors or bad sectors. Go to

* Start-Programs-Accessories-System Tools-ScanDisk

Otherwise assign the Task Scheduler to perform this operation at night when the computer is not in use.

5 Fatal OE exceptions and VXD errors

Fatal OE exception errors and VXD errors are often caused by video card problems.

These can often be resolved easily by reducing the resolution of the video display. Go to

* Start-Settings-Control Panel-Display-Settings

Here you should slide the screen area bar to the left. Take a look at the colour settings on the left of that window. For most desktops, high colour 16-bit depth is adequate.

If the screen freezes or you experience system lockups it might be due to the video card. Make sure it does not have a hardware conflict. Go to

* Start-Settings-Control Panel-System-Device Manager

Here, select the + beside Display Adapter. A line of text describing your video card should appear. Select it (make it blue) and press properties. Then select Resources and select each line in the window. Look for a message that says No Conflicts.

If you have video card hardware conflict, you will see it here. Be careful at this point and make a note of everything you do in case you make things worse.

The way to resolve a hardware conflict is to uncheck the Use Automatic Settings box and hit the Change Settings button. You are searching for a setting that will display a No Conflicts message.

Another useful way to resolve video problems is to go to

* Start-Settings-Control Panel-System-Performance-Graphics

Here you should move the Hardware Acceleration slider to the left. As ever, the most common cause of problems relating to graphics cards is old or faulty drivers (a driver is a small piece of software used by a computer to communicate with a device).

Look up your video card's manufacturer on the internet and search for the most recent drivers for it.

6 Viruses

Often the first sign of a virus infection is instability. Some viruses erase the boot sector of a hard drive, making it impossible to start. This is why it is a good idea to create a Windows start-up disk. Go to

* Start-Settings-Control Panel-Add/Remove Programs

Here, look for the Start Up Disk tab. Virus protection requires constant vigilance.

A virus scanner requires a list of virus signatures in order to be able to identify viruses. These signatures are stored in a DAT file. DAT files should be updated weekly from the website of your antivirus software manufacturer.

An excellent antivirus programme is McAfee VirusScan by Network Associates ( www.nai.com). Another is Norton AntiVirus 2000, made by Symantec ( www.symantec.com).

7 Printers

The action of sending a document to print creates a bigger file, often called a postscript file.

Printers have only a small amount of memory, called a buffer. This can be easily overloaded. Printing a document also uses a considerable amount of CPU power. This will also slow down the computer's performance.

If the printer is trying to print unusual characters, these might not be recognised, and can crash the computer. Sometimes printers will not recover from a crash because of confusion in the buffer. A good way to clear the buffer is to unplug the printer for ten seconds. Booting up from a powerless state, also called a cold boot, will restore the printer's default settings and you may be able to carry on.

8 Software

A common cause of computer crash is faulty or badly-installed software. Often the problem can be cured by uninstalling the software and then reinstalling it. Use Norton Uninstall or Uninstall Shield to remove an application from your system properly. This will also remove references to the programme in the System Registry and leaves the way clear for a completely fresh copy.

The System Registry can be corrupted by old references to obsolete software that you thought was uninstalled. Use Reg Cleaner by Jouni Vuorio to clean up the System Registry and remove obsolete entries. It works on Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows 98 SE (Second Edition), Windows Millennium Edition (ME), NT4 and Windows 2000.

Read the instructions and use it carefully so you don't do permanent damage to the Registry. If the Registry is damaged you will have to reinstall your operating system. Reg Cleaner can be obtained from www.jv16.org

Often a Windows problem can be resolved by entering Safe Mode. This can be done during start-up. When you see the message "Starting Windows" press F4. This should take you into Safe Mode.

Safe Mode loads a minimum of drivers. It allows you to find and fix problems that prevent Windows from loading properly.

Sometimes installing Windows is difficult because of unsuitable BIOS settings. If you keep getting SUWIN error messages (Windows setup) during the Windows installation, then try entering the BIOS and disabling the CPU internal cache. Try to disable the Level 2 (L2) cache if that doesn't work.

Remember to restore all the BIOS settings back to their former settings following installation.

9 Overheating

Central processing units (CPUs) are usually equipped with fans to keep them cool. If the fan fails or if the CPU gets old it may start to overheat and generate a particular kind of error called a kernel error. This is a common problem in chips that have been overclocked to operate at higher speeds than they are supposed to.

One remedy is to get a bigger better fan and install it on top of the CPU. Specialist cooling fans/heatsinks are available from www.computernerd.com or www.coolit.com

CPU problems can often be fixed by disabling the CPU internal cache in the BIOS. This will make the machine run more slowly, but it should also be more stable.

10 Power supply problems

With all the new construction going on around the country the steady supply of electricity has become disrupted. A power surge or spike can crash a computer as easily as a power cut.

If this has become a nuisance for you then consider buying a uninterrupted power supply (UPS). This will give you a clean power supply when there is electricity, and it will give you a few minutes to perform a controlled shutdown in case of a power cut.

It is a good investment if your data are critical, because a power cut will cause any unsaved data to be lost.